PETG Fumes in 3D Printing: Toxic or Safe?

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Martin has a M.Sc. in physics and has gained many years of experience in industry as a lab manager and quality assurance manager. He has now tested dozens of 3D printers and is happy to share the collected experience with each new article.

What is PETG?

PETG, short for Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol, is a popular filament used in 3D printing, known for its versatility and strength. It’s a variant of PET (the same material used in plastic bottles), but modified with glycol for enhanced printability and durability.

PETG strikes a balance between the ease of printing found in PLA and the strength and temperature resistance of ABS. It’s recognized for its clarity, low shrinkage, and chemical resistance, making it a go-to choice for a wide range of printing projects, from functional parts to artistic creations and even in outdoor use.

Understanding these properties of PETG is crucial as we delve into the discussions about its safety and emission characteristics during 3D printing. Because sometimes it’s no option to switch to PLA.

Research Findings on the Safety of PETG

Emissions of PETG filament during a 3D print (source: Šárka Bernatíková et al. 2021)

The safety of PETG when used in 3D printing has been a subject of varied research findings. A 2017 study by K. Szykiedans, W. Credo, and D. Osinski indicated that PETG filament does not release known toxic substances during the printing process. This finding suggests that PETG could be a safer alternative compared to some other 3D printing materials such as ABS.

However, contrasting research presents a more nuanced view. A 2021 study by Šárka Bernatíková and colleagues observed the release of ultrafine particles (UFPs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), albeit in very low concentrations, when printing with PETG. These emissions, while not immediately hazardous, could pose long-term risks for your health, especially in poorly ventilated environments.

Further, research by S. Wojtyła, P. Klama, and T. Baran in 2017 specifically examined the release of VOCs from PET filament, a close relative of PETG, finding emissions of the melted plastic at the rate of 0.50 mol/h. This data highlights the importance of considering VOC emissions in the context of 3D printing, even though PETG’s emission levels are relatively low compared to other materials.

In summary, while PETG does release some ultrafine particles and VOCs during printing, these emissions are generally lower than those from materials like ABS. This makes PETG a comparatively safer option, though it’s still crucial to at least ensure proper ventilation during printing to minimize potential risks.

What are Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)?

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are a group of chemicals that vaporize at room temperature and are commonly found in emissions from various manufacturing processes, including 3D printing.

These compounds can include various chemicals, some of which may have short- and even long-term adverse health effects. These VOCs are known for their ability to contribute to indoor air pollution. PETG has a high vapor pressure compared to some other filaments, which influences its rate of VOC emission during the heating process in 3D printing.

In the context of 3D printing, VOCs are released when filaments are heated during the printing process. The level and toxicity of VOC emissions can vary greatly depending on the type of filament used, with some materials like ABS being known for higher VOC emissions compared to others like PETG.

What are Ultrafine Particles (UFPs)?

Ultrafine Particles (UFPs) refer to tiny solid particles with a diameter less than 100 nanometers. In 3D printing, these particles are generated when filaments are heated and extruded at high temperatures through the printer’s nozzle.

Due to their incredibly small size, UFPs can easily be inhaled, potentially penetrating deep into the lungs and even entering the bloodstream.

While all 3D printing materials emit some level of UFPs, the concentration and potential health concerns vary. Materials like ABS tend to release more UFPs compared to others like PLA or PETG. Understanding the emission of UFPs is crucial for assessing the overall safety of different 3D printing filaments and for implementing appropriate safety measures, such as effective ventilation.

Potential Health Risks of Ultrafine Particles and VOCs

The potential health concerns associated with exposure to UFPs and VOCs during 3D printing are a growing concern.

UFPs, due to their minuscule size, can penetrate deep into the lungs and even enter the bloodstream. Prolonged or repeated exposure to high levels of UFPs may lead to respiratory issues, cardiovascular problems, and in some cases, could exacerbate pre-existing conditions such as asthma.

The health impacts can range from mild irritation of the respiratory tract to more severe effects, depending on the concentration and duration of exposure.

Similarly, VOCs emitted during 3D printing can impact indoor air quality and pose health risks. Short-term exposure to certain VOCs may cause headaches, dizziness, eye, nose, and throat irritation.

Long-term exposure, especially to higher concentrations, has been linked to more serious health issues, including liver and kidney damage, central nervous system problems, and even certain types of cancer. The risk is particularly notable in poorly ventilated spaces where these emissions can accumulate.

It’s important to understand that while materials like PETG may emit fewer UFPs and VOCs compared to other filaments like ABS, the risk of exposure is not entirely eliminated, although very minimal.

Therefore, users should be aware of these potential health hazards and take appropriate measures to minimize exposure, especially in settings where 3D printers are used frequently or for prolonged periods.

Comparison with Other Filaments

Temperature-dependent emission profile of PETG filament (source: Wojciech Wojnowski et al. 2022)

When evaluating the safety of PETG, especially concerning its fume emissions, it’s informative to compare it with other commonly used 3D printing filaments. ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene), a popular filament known for its strength and heat resistance, has been shown to emit higher levels of VOCs.

Temperature-dependent emission profile of ABS filament (source: Wojciech Wojnowski et al. 2022)

A 2022 study by Wojciech Wojnowski et al. highlighted this difference, illustrating that PETG’s emission levels are significantly lower than those of ABS. This makes PETG a more appealing option for those concerned about indoor air quality and health concerns associated with 3D printing fumes.

However, it’s not just ABS that PETG compares favorably with. PLA (Polylactic Acid), often touted for its eco-friendliness and low odor, also releases ultrafine particles during printing, although these are generally considered less harmful than the emissions from ABS. Nonetheless, the fact that PETG has a lower emission profile than ABS while offering better mechanical properties than PLA places it in a unique position as a filament choice.

It’s important to note, though, that while PETG shows lower emissions compared to some other filaments, it’s not entirely free of emissions. Responsible printing practices, such as using adequate ventilation and potentially using air filtration systems, are recommended regardless of the filament used.

Safety Measures for Printing with PETG Filament

Even though PETG is considered safer compared to some other filaments, taking precautionary measures can significantly reduce the risk of adverse health effects, especially in environments where 3D printers are used frequently.

Below is a list of recommended safety measures to protect yourself from PETG fumes. Be aware that this list is quite extensive and in most cases “overkill”. In the next chapter, I’ll show you my best practices.

Adequate Ventilation: Ensure that your 3D printing area is well-ventilated. Open windows or use an exhaust fan to help disperse any emitted UFPs and VOCs.
Use of Enclosures: Employing an enclosure around your 3D printer can help contain and direct emissions away from the user, reducing direct exposure to harmful particles and toxic gases.
Air Filtration Systems: Install air purifiers or filtration systems designed to capture ultrafine particles, VOCs and other harmful chemicals. HEPA filters are particularly effective at trapping UFPs.
Limiting Exposure: Reduce the time spent in close proximity to the printer while it’s operating, especially during long print jobs, to minimize direct exposure to emissions.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): In settings with high printer use, consider wearing PPE such as respirators or masks that can filter out fine particles.
Regular Monitoring of Air Quality: Use air quality monitors to check the levels of VOCs and particulate matter in the printing area, ensuring they stay within safe limits.
Proper Maintenance of the Printer: Regular maintenance of your 3D printer can reduce the risk of excessive emissions. This includes cleaning the nozzle and ensuring the printer is operating at optimal temperatures.
Choosing High-Quality Filaments: Opt for high-quality PETG filaments from reputable manufacturers, as they are more likely to have consistent compositions that emit fewer harmful substances.
Educating Users: If in a shared space like a workshop or school, educate all users about the potential risks and the importance of safety measures when printing with PETG.
Following Manufacturer Guidelines: Adhere to the manufacturer’s guidelines for the optimal printing temperature for PETG, as too high temperatures can increase the emission of harmful substances.

Best Practices for Safe PETG 3D Printing

The list of safety precautions above seems a bit long and for most users, some safety measures are unnecessary. I personally follow a set of measures that, for most users, will provide adequate protection against the potential hazards of 3D printing emissions:

Use High-Quality Filament: Firstly, I make it a point to use high-quality PETG filament. This is crucial because premium filaments are more likely to have a consistent composition and, as a result, emit fewer harmful substances during printing. Lower quality filaments can have impurities that increase the risk of toxic fumes. My favorite is PETG filament from SUNLU*.
Print in a Spare Room: Secondly, I conduct my printing in a room where I do not stay during the printing process. This minimizes my direct exposure to any UFPs or VOCs that might be released. It’s a simple yet effective way to reduce the inhalation of potentially harmful particles.
Properly Ventilated Room: After each printing session, I ensure thorough ventilation of the space. Opening windows and doors to allow fresh air to circulate helps to clear out any residual particles or gases. This step is crucial in maintaining a safe environment post-printing. Also printing in cooler air may help reduce the spread of VOCs, as lower temperatures can slow down the vaporization process.

For the majority of users, these practices are sufficient to safely print with PETG. However, individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, like asthma, or those who are particularly sensitive to air quality should take additional precautions. Consulting with a healthcare professional before engaging in 3D printing activities is advisable for these individuals.

FAQ – Frequently Asked Questions

Do PETG fumes contain harmful chemicals?

PETG fumes can contain toxic chemicals, but in much lower quantities compared to materials like ABS. While some of these compounds can be harmful, the level of toxicity is generally considered to be lower, especially when compared to other common 3D printing filaments.

Is PETG filament safe to print indoors?

Yes, PETG filament can be safely printed indoors, provided there is adequate ventilation. It’s important to ensure a well-ventilated space to minimize the accumulation of any emitted particles or gases.

Is PETG safe to print in the bedroom?

Printing PETG in a bedroom is not recommended, especially if the room is used for sleeping during or immediately after printing. While PETG emissions are lower than many other filaments, it’s best to print in a separate, well-ventilated area to avoid prolonged exposure to any emissions. And due to its plastic nature, PETG, like other filaments, can become a serious fire hazard if the 3D printer is left unattended or is operating in unsafe conditions.

Do I need ventilation for the potentially toxic fumes emitted from PETG?

Yes, ventilation is important when printing with PETG. Even though the toxicity of PETG emissions is relatively low, proper ventilation helps disperse any UFPs and VOCs, maintaining good air quality and reducing potential risks.

Is PETG more toxic than PLA?

PETG is generally considered to be slightly more likely to emit VOCs and UFPs compared to PLA, which is known for being one of the safer filaments in terms of emissions. However, the overall toxicity of PETG is still relatively low, especially when compared with other filaments.

Is ABS more toxic than PETG?

Yes, ABS is typically more toxic than PETG. ABS emits higher levels of VOCs and UFPs when heated, making it more of a concern in terms of indoor air quality and potential health risks. PETG is often preferred over ABS for its lower emission profile.

Conclusion: Toxic Fumes Emitted from PETG

In conclusion, PETG stands out as a valuable filament in the realm of 3D printing, offering a blend of versatility, durability, and relative safety. While it does emit harmful fumes, these emissions of UFPs and VOCs are considerably lower compared to some other popular printing materials like ABS. This makes PETG a preferable option for those concerned about indoor air quality and health risks associated with 3D printing.

However, it’s crucial to approach PETG printing with an awareness of potential health risks and the necessary safety precautions. For most users, using high-quality PETG filament, printing in a well-ventilated, non-occupied space, and ensuring thorough post-printing ventilation will effectively mitigate the risks.

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